In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is principally because of the deficiency of oxygen in Nb2O5, applied being a Uncooked product Original melt (Czochralski technique) [186]. Accordingly, based upon its manufacturing technological know-how, niobium pentoxide can undertake an array of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://martinaqdpb.ageeksblog.com/31501163/indicators-on-lithium-niobate-crystal-you-should-know